Surviving editions present Friar Rush as a non-human, disruptive agent who arrives at a monastery posing as a friar (named in early texts Broder Rusche/Bruder Rausch) and is hired as a kitchen servant. The figure is framed in the narratives as an other-than-human intruder — in summaries often identified as 'the devil' — who exploits clerical disguise to undermine monastic order. The tale appears in print from at least 1488 (Low German) and was adapted across Germany, Scandinavia, the Netherlands and England through the 16th–17th centuries.
Narrative sources give no detailed non-human physical description; the central identifiable appearance is his assumed clerical guise — he appears and is accepted as a friar or kitchen servant. Editions emphasize his role in posing as 'Bruder Rausch' rather than describing distinct monstrous features.
Friar Rush infiltrates religious houses by disguise, serves undetected (notably as a cook for seven years), commits violent acts (e.g., throwing the cook into a boiling cauldron and taking his place), incites sexual immorality among monks (procuring women nightly for the abbot and others), causes continual commotion and strife, and in some versions travels and possesses laypersons (the High German variant has him possessing the king's daughter). He resists ordinary discipline and is expelled only by formal ecclesiastical rites performed by authoritative clerics (mass and exorcism by an abbot).
Weaknesses
- ritualThe sacred mass (performed by an abbot)
- ritualExorcism by an authoritative cleric/abbot
- conditionExposure and decisive ecclesiastical authority (vigilant oversight)
Wards
- ritualSacred mass performed by an abbot
- ritualExorcism by a summoned abbot or cleric
- conditionInstitutional vigilance and moral reform within the monastery
Abdiel
Abdiel (Hebrew עֲבְדִּיאֵל) is primarily a theophoric Hebrew personal name meaning "servant of El/servant of God," attested once in the Hebrew Bible (1 Chronicles 5:15). In later literature—most notably John Milton's Paradise Lost—Abdiel is reimagined as a faithful seraph who opposes Satan's revolt. The provided sources do not treat Abdiel as an autonomous folkloric spirit type or record rituals or wards associated with the name.
Abiel
Abiel is attested in the supplied sources only as a male given name — borne by several historical American individuals and listed as two minor biblical figures. The provided materials contain no evidence presenting Abiel as a supernatural, mythological, or folkloric entity.
Abigail
Abigail is a female figure in the Hebrew Bible portrayed in 1 Samuel 25 as the intelligent and beautiful wife of Nabal who intervenes to prevent David from committing violence; later tradition regards her as one of the Tanakh's seven female prophets and as a model of beauty and wisdom.
Abraun
Abraun is an attested name in German-language plant-legend scholarship (Der abraun, ein beitrag zur pflanzensagenkunde, 1916) and a short database entry (Wikidata) labels it as a spirit from German mythology. Surviving accessible documentation is extremely limited: the principal academic treatment is a 1916 contribution to pflanzensagenkunde (plant-saga studies), but the excerpts available here contain only bibliographic metadata and do not record tales, descriptions, or rituals.
Accolon
Accolon is a mortal knight of the Arthurian court, presented in the Post-Vulgate Merlin tradition and Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur as Morgan le Fay's paramour and instrument in a plot to supplant King Arthur; his tale centers on enchanted weapons (Excalibur and its scabbard), love-manipulation, and a tragic duel with Arthur.
Adils
Adils (Old Norse Aðils; also Eadgils, Adillus, Athisl, Adhel) is a semi‑legendary sixth‑century Swedish king attested in Old Norse saga material and later medieval traditions. He appears in saga episodes as a storied royal figure involved in warfare, court acts, and marriage suits rather than as a supernatural being.
Adsullata
Adsullata is attested as a Continental Celtic river goddess associated with the River Savus (modern Sava) in the Roman province of Noricum. Later traditions record her presence in Brittany as a goddess of hot springs and present her as an antecedent or origin-form of the Anglo‑Celtic sun goddess Sul.
Afaon fab Taliesin
Afaon fab Taliesin is a medieval Welsh warrior-counsellor, named as a son of the bard Taliesin and recorded among Arthur’s retinue in Welsh tradition. He appears in the Welsh Triads and in the tale Breuddwyd Rhonabwy (The Dream of Rhonabwy) as a notable martial figure and proverb-speaker rather than as a supernatural being.
Agilaz (Egil)
Agilaz (reconstructed Proto-Germanic) — commonly recorded in medieval sources as Egil or Ægil — is a legendary archer attested in Germanic heroic tradition. He appears as the brother of Völund (Wayland/Weland) in the Old Norse poem Völundarkviða and in the Thidreks saga, and his name is also inscribed on early medieval objects (Franks Casket, Pforzen buckle). The attested material presents him as a named heroic human archer within saga and inscriptional contexts rather than as a recurrent supernatural species.
Aglovale
Aglovale (also Agloval, Aglovan, Aglovaus, Acglavael) is a human knight of Arthurian romance, presented as the eldest legitimate son of King Pellinore and a Knight of the Round Table in the Vulgate/Post‑Vulgate cycles, Malory, and later adaptations. He brings his long‑lost brother Perceval to Camelot, takes part in military actions (including slaying Agrippa in one account), and his death is related in varying ways across traditions (accidental at Gawain's hand, deliberate murder by Orkney kin, or killed during Lancelot's rescue of Guinevere).
Agnarr Geirröðsson
Agnarr Geirröðsson is a mortal prince attested only in the Poetic Edda poem Grímnismál; he aids Odin (disguised as Grímnir) during Geirröðr's torture and, after Odin reveals himself and King Geirröðr dies, Agnarr succeeds as king.
Agne
Agne (also attested Agni, Hogne, Agni Skjálfarbondi) is a semi-legendary king of Sweden in Old Norse saga tradition, preserved in the Ynglingatal corpus and prose expansions such as Snorri Sturluson's Ynglinga saga. He is portrayed as a mighty and famous warrior-king whose campaign in Finland, marriage to Skjalf, and death by hanging form a remembered episode connected to local place-names and a burial mound.
Community Record
- [1]Friar Rush - Wikipedia. Wikipedia article 'Friar Rush' (summary and nomenclature, publication history, plot elements, parallels to kobold tales)wiki
- [2]Broder Rusche (1488) and subsequent editions (summarized). Early Low German verse edition (Broder Rusche, 1488) and later High German (1515) and English (1620/1626) editions as cited in summaries of the traditionliterary
- [3]George Lyman Kittredge analysis (1900) — cited in summaries. Kittredge's comparative discussion of origins and parallels (kobold, Icelandic analogues) as cited in supplied notesacademic
- [4]Reginald Scott, Discoverie of Witchcraft (1584) — cited. Reginald Scott's recognition of parallels with the kobold Hödeken as cited in the supplied notesliterary
- [5]The Historie of Frier Rush (1626 edition). Early English printed edition (1626) digitized; representative English chapbook formliterary

